The use of free or reduced price lunch (FRL), as a measure of socioeconomic status (SES), has received mixed reviews in the literature. This study expands on the limited research on the validity of FRL as a measure of SES by examining the relationship between FRL and a series of community-based SES measures to determine whether FRL is an adequate proxy for adolescent SES. Data are from a nationally representative sample of 154 public high schools in 2010 from Bridging the Gap with corresponding school level data from the National Center for Education Statistics’ (NCES) Common Core of Data (CCD) to obtain a measure of percent of students receiving FRL and using ArcGIS 9 software with the ACS 05–09, matched at the census block group level to construct measures of community SES. School zone level SES measures obtained include: median household income, percent of families in poverty, percent of families with children younger than 18 years in poverty, and the percent of all households in...

Fikra iliyomo katika mawand̪a ya fasihi ya Kiswahili ni kuwa ut̪end̪i ni maelezo marefu ya mapisi ya jamii kiushairi. Makala haya yanat̪aka kuonesha kwamba si t̪end̪i zot̪ʰe zenye madhumuni haya. Kupitiya Ut̪end̪i wa Siri li Asrari tut̪aonesha kwamba mtʰunzi Mwanalemba alikuwa na niya t̪angu mwanzo ya kuweka d̪arasa kuhusu hirizi ya majina ya Mwenyezi Mungu. D̪arasa hii ameigawanya kama namna t̪aasisi za kielimu zinavopendekeza ienreshwe kiskuli na ameyat̪owa mawazo yake kit̪aalamu. Nadhariya ya Usemezano kupitiya dhana ya Unrimi imetusaidiya kuuwangaziya ut̪end̪i huu na tumefaidika na vigezo va: maudhui, ut̪euzi wa misamiat̪i na mitinro ya uwasilishaji, na mukt̪adha wa matʰumizi ya maneno hayo kama njiya ya kutambuwa aina ya lugha inayotʰumika. Kwa kwangaziya mitinro ya uwasilishaji katika d̪arasa ya hirizi tumepata kujuwa kwamba mtʰunzi alikuwa na dhamira ya kutufunza badala ya kutamba hadithi ya kingano.